广东重阳节最具特色的习俗
广东重阳节的习俗
广州番禺人把重阳节登高的习俗看作是免灾避祸的活动。每当重阳来临,人们便三五成群或全家结伴来到莲花山、白云山、大夫山、滴水岩、十八罗汉山等登山览胜。许多都是在重阳日到来的前夜就开始登山,并备好食物和帐篷,露宿山顶,等待日出。
连川重阳,童男童女皆至城外相聚答歌,州人围观。南雄府九月九日请茅山道士建王母会,想求取子嗣的青年妇女都会前来参加。阳江市重阳节放纸鸢,并系藤弓于其上,在半空中声音十分嘹亮。临高县民重阳节早起,大家齐声高喊“赶山猫”,以此为安和富利之吉兆。
广东怀集县以重阳为元帝得道之辰。男女老少,倾城而出,赛神酬愿,皆用大炮。隆安县九月九日放任牛羊自行觅食,俗语说:“九月九,牛羊各自守”。
清远连州保安镇的重阳“大神”盛会已持续千百年。每到重阳日家家户户贴门对,村村寨寨结彩门。盛会最引人注目的是“抬大神”、“踩八卦”、“摇高神”、“扮故事”等节目。
佛山重阳节祭祖的习俗,叫做“秋祭”,旧时的重阳节,扫墓人士大多以家庭为单位,带上祭品上山拜祭先人。而今的重阳节则由上山扫墓祭祖演变为家中祭祖。
广东省和广西省,以客家人为主,至今仍然保留着重阳节祭奠祖先的习俗。农历九月初九,在粤北客家地区有许多客家乡民称之为“九月节”,每逢这一天,客家人往往要扶老携幼登高望远、赏菊赋诗。
尤为独特的是还有不少地区流传着中原古俗——浸泡菊花酒。晒干的嫩菊和些许菊叶与蒸好的糯米相混合后,撒上一层客家酒粬,保温发酵数日后,初步酿成菊花酒。将这些菊花酒液封坛后放置于阴凉处,直至第二年重阳,一家尽情开怀畅饮。
潮州人过重阳节不但有放风筝的习俗,还会制作美味的“油麻团”作为祭品。放风筝,潮州人叫做“放风禽”或“放风琴”。这是因为风筝都是以飞禽或相似飞禽的形状制作而成的,所以有此称谓。又因潮语的“禽”与“琴”谐音,故又称之为“放风琴”。
在潮州地区,当地人用“油麻团”作为祭品也有一定的来历。因为“油麻团”的“团”,潮人在这里读“缘”,“团”正好与“缘”的读音相同,因而古时候的潮人,便有了在重阳节“结缘”的重要习俗,其意是结个良缘。重阳节当天,左邻右舍之间互相探访,互赠“油麻团”。
重阳放纸鹞也是惠州民间特有习俗。其来由无从考究。但从惠州的领南气候观之,时间上似乎颇为恰当。重阳前后秋高气爽,劲风不断,人们按传统习俗要登山登高,进行户外活动,此时放纸鹞,天时地利人和,是颇多为适合的。
重阳节民俗活动
1、登高、旅游
重阳节首先有登高的习俗,金秋九月,天高气爽,这个季节登高远望可达到心旷神怡、健身祛病的目的。
早在西汉,《长安志》中就有汉代京城九月九日时人们游玩观景之记载。在东晋时,有著名的“龙山落帽”故事。
2、赏菊并饮菊花酒
重阳佳节,中国有饮菊花酒的传统习俗。菊花酒,在古代被看作是重阳必饮、祛灾祈福的“吉祥酒”。汉代就已有了菊花酒。魏时曹丕曾在重阳赠菊给钟繇,祝他长寿。晋代葛洪在《抱朴子》中记河南南阳山中人家,因饮了遍生菊花的甘谷水而延年益寿的事。梁简文帝《采菊篇》中则有“相呼提筐采菊珠,朝起露湿沾罗懦”之句,亦采菊酿酒之举。直到明清,菊花酒仍然盛行,在明代高濂的《遵生八笺》中仍有记载,是盛行的健身饮料。
3、佩茱萸
古代还风行九九插茱萸的习俗,所以又叫做茱萸节。茱萸入药,可制酒养身祛病。插茱萸和簪菊花在唐代就已经很普遍。茱萸香味浓,有驱虫去湿、逐风邪的作用,并能消积食,治寒热。民间认为九月初九也是逢凶之日,多灾多难,所以在重阳节人们喜欢佩带茱萸以辟邪求吉。茱萸因此还被人们称为“辟邪翁”。
4、簪菊花
重阳节佩茱萸,在晋代葛洪《西经杂记》中就有记载。除了佩带茱萸,人们也有头戴菊花的。唐代就已经如此,历代盛行。清代,北京重阳节的习俗是把菊花枝叶贴在门窗上,“解除凶秽,以招吉祥”,这是头上簪菊的变俗。宋代,还有将彩缯剪成茱萸、菊花来相赠佩带的。
5、吃重阳糕
重阳糕亦称“花糕”,汉族重阳节食品。流行于全国大部分地区。蒸重阳糕方法与蒸年糕相同,不过蒸糕要小一点,糕要薄一点。以米粉、豆粉等为原料,发酵,更点缀以枣、栗、杏仁等果馕、加糖蒸制而成。为了美观中吃,人们把重阳糕制成五颜六色,还要在糕面上洒上一些木犀花(故重阳糕又叫桂花糕),这样制成的重阳糕,香甜可口。
重阳节的由来
农历九月九日,为传统的重阳节。因为古老的《易经》中把“六”定为阴数,把“九”定为阳数,九月九日,日月并阳,两九相重,故而叫重阳,也叫重九,古人认为是个值得庆贺的吉利日子,并且从很早就开始过此节日。
The 9th day of the 9th lunar month is the traditional Chongyang Festival, or Double Ninth Festival. It usually falls in October in the Gregorian calendar. In an ancient and mysterious book Yi Jing, or The Book of Changes, number "6" was thought to be of Yin character, meaning feminine or negative, while number "9" was thought to be Yang, meaning masculine or positive. So the number nine in both month and day create the Double Ninth Festival, or Chongyang Festival. Chong in Chinese means "double." Also, as double ninth was pronounced the same as the word to signify "forever", both are "Jiu Jiu," the Chinese ancestors considered it an auspicious day worth celebration. That's why ancient Chinese began to celebrate this festival long time ago.
在古代,民间在重阳有登高的风俗,故重阳节又叫“登高节”。相传此风俗始于东汉。唐代文人所写的登高诗很多,大多是写重阳节的习俗;杜甫的七律《登高》,就是写重阳登高的名篇。登高所到之处,没有划一的规定,一般是登高山、登高塔。
The custom of ascending a height to avoid epidemics was passed down from long time ago. Therefore, the Double Ninth Festival is also called "Height Ascending Festival". The height people will reach is usually a mountain or a tower. Ancient literary figures have left many poems depicting the activity. Even today, people still swarm to famous or little known mountains on this day.
在这一天,人们还有吃“重阳糕”的习俗。在汉语里,“糕”与“高”同音,”,人们会用“吃糕”代替“登高”,祝愿百事俱高。重阳糕又称花糕、菊糕、五色糕,制无定法,较为随意。最高的有九层,像一个塔。
On this day, people will eat Double Ninth Gao (or Cake). In Chinese, gao (cake) has the same pronunciation with gao (height). People do so just to hope progress in everything they are engaged in. There is no fixed ways for the Double Ninth Cake, but super cakes will have as many as nine layers, looking like a tower.
重阳节正是一年的金秋时节,菊花盛开,民间还把农历九月称为“菊月”,在菊花傲霜怒放的重阳节里,观赏菊花成了节日的一项重要内容,当然,人们也会喝一些菊花酒。女人会把茱萸插在头上或挂在门口,可以避难消灾。
The Double Ninth Festival is also a time when chrysanthemum blooms. China boasts diversified species of chrysanthemum and people have loved them since ancient times. So enjoying the flourishing chrysanthemum also becomes a key activity on this festival. Also, people will drink chrysanthemum wine. Women used to stick such a flower into their hair or hang its branches on windows or doors to avoid evilness.
在1989年,我国把每年的九月九日定为老人节,传统与现代巧妙地结合,成为尊老、敬老、爱老、助老的老年人的节日。全国各机关、团体、街道,往往都在此时组织从工作岗位上退下来的老人们秋游赏景,或临水玩乐,或登山健体,让身心都沐浴在大自然的怀抱里;不少家庭的晚辈也会搀扶着年老的长辈到郊外活动或为老人准备一些可口的饮食。
In 1989, the Chinese government decided the Double Ninth Festival as Seniors' Day. Since then, all government units, organizations and streets communities will organize an autumn trip each year for those who have retired from their posts. At the waterside or on the mountains, the seniors will find themselves merged into nature. Younger generations will bring elder ones to suburban areas or send gifts to them on this day.